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types of language disorder. Chatback International is the expansion of that project onto the Internet and is concerned with the use of networks to educate all children. Sellers [Page 29] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 Consortium for School Networking P.O. Box 65193 Washington, DC 20035-5193 USA Phone: 202-466-6296 Fax: 202-872-4318 EMail: info@cosn.org According to a recent brochure, "The Consortium for School Networking is a membership organization of institutions formed to further the development and use of computer network technology in K-12 education." To join CoSN, request an application at the above address. To contribute your ideas, lesson plans, projects, etc., for others to access over the Internet, send to email to: ferdi@digital.cosn.org European Schools Project University of Amsterdam CICT/SCO Grote Bickerrsstraat 72 1013 KS Amsterdam The Netherlands Contact: Dr. Pauline Meijer or Dr. Henk Sligte Phone: +31-20-5251248 Fax: +31-20-5251211 EMail: risc@esp.educ.uva.nl The European Schools Project is "a support system for secondary schools to explore applications of educational telematics." FidoNet 1151 SW Vermont Street Portland, OR 97219 USA Contact: Janet Murray Phone: 503-280-5280 EMail: jmurray@psg.com FidoNet is a dial-up, store-and-forward messaging system which takes advantage of late night phone rates to send and receive email and conferences. Sellers [Page 30] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 FrEdMail Foundation P.O. Box 243, Bonita, CA 91908 USA Contact: Al Rogers Phone: 619-475-4852 EMail: arogers@bonita.cerf.fred.org International Education and Research Network (I*EARN) c/o Copen Family Fund 345 Kear Street Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA Contact: Dr. Edwin H. Gragert Phone: 914-962-5864 Fax: 914-962-6472 EMail: ed1@copenfund.igc.apc.org According to Dr. Gragert, "The purpose of the I*EARN Network is to create low-cost telecommunications models to demonstrate that elementary and secondary students can make a meaningful contribution to the health and welfare of people and the planet. We want to see students go beyond simply being "pen-pals" to use telecommunications in joint student projects as part of the educational process." I*EARN works with international service and youth organizations to add telecommunications to existing partnerships. KIDLINK Society 4815 Saltrod Norway Phone: +47-370-31204 Fax: +47-370-27111 EMail: opresno@extern.uio.no Contact: Odd de Presno KIDLINK is the organization that runs the yearly KIDS projects, KIDS-94, KIDS-95, etc. For information on getting files related to KIDS-NN/KIDLINK, see "Electronic Mail Lists" in this section. For access to the KIDS Gopher, see "Network Servers" in this section. K12Net 1151 SW Vermont Street Portland, OR 97219 USA Phone: 503-280-5280 Contact: Janet Murray EMail: jmurray@psg.com Sellers [Page 31] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 K12Net is a collection of conferences devoted to curriculum, language exchanges with native speakers, and classroom-to-classroom projects designed by teachers in K-12 education. The conferences are privately distributed among FidoNet-compatible bulletin board systems on five continents and are also available as Usenet Newsgroups in the hierarchy "k12." More information about K12Net is available from gopher.psg.com. via telnet... telnet gopher.psg.com login: gopher via gopher... gopher.psg.com (port 70) NASA Central Operation of Resources for Educators (CORE) Lorain County Joint Vocational School 15181 Route 58 South Oberlin, OH 44074 USA Phone: 216-774-1051, x293/294 Fax: 216-774-2144 For a copy of the video "Global Quest: The Internet in the Classroom" released by the NASA NREN K-12 Initiative contact the above address. The fee for the video is cost plus shipping and handling. You may also make a copy yourself by taking a blank copy to the nearest NASA Teacher Resource Center or by taping from NASA Select television. For information on the NASA Teacher Resource Center Network or on NASA Select, contact your nearest NASA facility or log in to NASA Spacelink. (See NASA Spacelink in "Network Servers".) National Center for Education Statistics 555 New Jersey Ave N.W., R.410 C Washington DC 20208-5651 USA Phone: 202-219-1364 Contact: Jerry Malitz EMail: ncesinfo@inet.ed.gov Fax: 219-1728 For a copy of the video "Experience the Power: Network Technology for Education" released by NCES contact the above address. If you contact them via email to order a video be sure that you send your mailing address. Sellers [Page 32] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 InterNIC Information Services General Atomics P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-9784 USA Phone: 800-444-4345 619-455-4600 Fax: 619-455-3990 EMail: info@internic.net The InterNIC is a (United States) National Science Foundation funded group tasked with providing information services to the United States research and education networking community. The Reference Desk is in operation Monday through Friday, from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Pacific Time. Internet Society 1895 Preston White Drive Suite 100 Reston, Virginia 22091 USA Phone: 703-648-9888 Fax: 703-620-0913 EMail: isoc@isoc.org The Internet Society is an international membership organization for individuals and organizations that support its goals of promoting the use of the Internet: A. To facilitate and support the technical evolution of the Internet as a research and education infrastructure, and to stimulate the involvement of the scientific community, industry, government and others in the evolution of the Internet; B. To educate the scientific community, industry and the public at large concerning the technology, use and application of the Internet; C. To promote educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of government, colleges and universities, industry, and the public at large; D. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet applications, and to stimulate collaboration among organizations in their operational use of the global Internet. Sellers [Page 33] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 Reseaux IP Europeens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) Kruislaan 409 NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone: +31 20 592 5065 Fax: +31 20 592 5090 EMail: ncc@ripe.net The RIPE NCC assists European Internet operators and refers users to appropriate operators. Services include: -delegated registry for network and Autonomous System numbers -whois database at whois.ripe.net -document store at ftp.ripe.net (also accessible via gopher and wais) -interactive information service (via telnet at info.ripe.net) Asia Pacific Network Information Center c/o University of Tokyo, Computer Center 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 Japan Phone: +81-3-5684-7747 Fax: +81-3-5684-7256 EMail: hostmaster@apnic.net The APNIC is a cooperative organization of national network information centers in the Asia Pacific region operating under the auspices of the Asia Pacific Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks. APNIC is tasked with providing information and registration services to networking organizations throughout the Asia and Pacific Rim regions. Sellers [Page 34] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 10. References [1] Malkin, G., and A. Marine, "FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to Commonly Asked 'New Internet User' Questions", FYI 4, RFC 1325, Xylogics, SRI, May 1992. [2] Krol, E., and E. Hoffman, "What is the Internet?" FYI 20, RFC 1462, University of Illinois, Merit Network, Inc., May 1993. [3] "Restructuring Schools: A Systematic View" in Action Line, the newsletter of the Maryland State Teachers Association, a National Education Association Affiliate. R. Kuhn, Editor. No. 93-6. June, 1993. [4] Sivin, J. P. and E. R. Bialo (1992) "Ethical Uses of Information Technologies in Education." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. [5] Hoffman, E. and L. Jackson, "Introducing the Internet--A Short Bibliography of Introductory Internetworking Reading for the Network Novice", FYI 19, RFC 1463, Merit Network, Inc., NASA, May 1993. 11. Security Considerations General security considerations are discussed in Section 6 of this document. 12. Author's Address Jennifer Sellers NASA NREN 700 13th Street, NW Suite 950 Washington, DC 20005 USA Phone: 202-434-8954 EMail: sellers@quest.arc.nasa.gov Sellers [Page 35] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS USING THE INTERNET The following examples of projects using the Internet appeared on the Kidsphere electronic mailing list during the 1992-93 school year. The messages have been edited in the interest of space and because many of the details about how to participate are dated, but the information presented can give you a feel for the types and range of projects that happen today. ========================================= Example One, "Middle School Math Project" ========================================= This is the official invitation to participate in "Puzzle Now!". "Puzzle Now!" is an interdisciplinary project using educational technology as a tool to integrate the curriculum. "Puzzle Now!" provides teams of mathematics and language arts teachers and students with thematic puzzle problems via VA.PEN. PROJECT : Puzzle Now! SUBJECT AREA : Mathematics/Language Arts GRADE LEVEL : 6 - 8 DURATION : This project will consist of eight - one week cycles. PROJECT GOALS : -to increase student motivation for math problem solving; -to emphasize the importance of addressing problems in a clear, concise, and logical manner; -to provide students with opportunities for developing skills in written expression; -to familiarize students with computer and modem as tools for problem solving projects. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The puzzles presented in this project are no mere entertainment. These puzzles will help the student reason logically, develop thinking skills, and will assist in the understanding of many practical disciplines, such as geometry. Sellers [Page 36] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 IT IS VERY IMPORTANT to remember that getting the correct answer isn't as important as figuring out how to find it. DO THE SOLUTIONS HAVE TO BE SUBMITTED IN A PARTICULAR FASHION? Yes, the solution format requires that the group/team/individual first 1) restate the puzzle/problem; 2) explain the strategy, or strategies used in finding the answer; 3) state the answer. Your team/class may turn in only one solution. That means you must work together to develop one solution to be examined by the "Puzzlemeister". ========================================== Example Two, "Poetry Contest, Grades 9-12" ========================================== National Public Telecomputing Network -- Academy One Project Announcement FIRST ANNUAL INTERNET POETRY CONTEST FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS GRADES 9-12 ***FEATURED FORM: THE SONNET*** ***First Place Award: $50.00*** ***Second Place Award: $25.00*** ***Honorable Mentions: $10.00*** The first annual Internet Poetry Contest invites entries from students in grades 9-12 for original sonnets written within the last 3 years. The purpose of the contest is to encourage young creative writers to practice the discipline needed to write in a particular poetic form, in this case, the sonnet form. (The sonnet is defined and examples are given below.) Sonnets may be submitted in any recognized sonnet form including Petrarchan, Shakespearean, Miltonic, or Spenserian. Students submitting entries must include a form (given below) certifying that each sonnet entered in the contest is original and written within the last 3 years. The deadline for mailing entries is April 30, 1993. Winners will be notified individually and winning entries will also be announced via Academy I on the Internet. Sellers [Page 37] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 Judges for the contest are current or retired English instructors throughout the United States. ============================================== Example Three, "Tracking Monarch Butterflies" ============================================== Our school has begun a study of monarchs using Nova's Animal Pathfinders. After working through these lessons, which will give us the necessary background information, we will design the format for collecting the data on sighting monarchs. We will send information on the format to any school who wishes to participate in the project. Our fifth grade students will begin this project and we hope that students from kindergarten through twelfth grade will get involved. We hope that schools from south to north along the migratory flyways will be interested in joining and collecting data about first sightings and population counts. We still have not found the lepidopterists who did the initial research but will keep looking. Hope to hear from you soon. ======================================= Example Four, "Simulated Space Mission" ======================================= National Public Telecomputing Network -- Academy One Program Announcement SPECIAL EVENT: NESPUT 24-HOUR CENTENNIAL SPACE SHUTTLE SIMULATED MISSION ON APRIL 27, 1993 SCHOOLS, TEACHERS, STUDENTS, SPACE ENTHUSIASTS: The April 27 simulated and telecommunicated space shuttle mission is a mostly real-time 24 hour mission involving numerous activities in space. Your school could be involved for an entire 24 hour period or for a much lesser amount of time (say just your school day or even a few hours). During that 24 hour period, schools will be linked to share information via telecommunications and a variety of activities will be going on via telecommunications and in the classroom--most of them created by the schools and students involved. The space shuttle Centennial at University School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, a real and permanent simulator, will act as itself and use its mission control area as Houston. Reports on the progress of our real student Sellers [Page 38] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 astronauts will be posted on the listserv and via the menus on NPTN affiliate systems carrying Academy One. Your school can act as any one of the following: A second American shuttle. A second Russian shuttle. A weather reporting station for your area. One of NASA's alternate landing sites. A science station posing questions and problems for all astronauts in simulated space. An information station, posting interesting information of interest about the space shuttle and the space program. A graphics station, sending GIF files to other schools (especially good if you have a scanner for your computer). Any other type of space related station or activity you can imagine. ================================================== Example Five, "Equinox Experiment and Calculation" ================================================== ATTENTION - MARCH 20, l993 IS THE EQUINOX A WORLDWIDE SCIENCE AND MATH EXPERIMENT ERATOSTHENES EXPERIMENT Eratosthenes, a Greek geographer (about 276 to 194 B.C.), made a surprisingly accurate estimate of the earth's circumference. In the great library in Alexandria he read that a deep vertical well near Syene, in southern Egypt, was entirely lit up by the sun at noon once a year. Eratosthenes reasoned that at this time sun must be directly overhead, with its rays shining directly into the well. In Alexandria, almost due north of Syene, he knew that the sun was not directly overhead at noon on the same day because a vertical object cast a shadow. Eratosthenes could now measure the circumference of the earth (sorry Columbus) by making two assumptions - that the earth is round and that the sun's rays are essentially parallel. He set up a vertical post at Alexandria and measured the angle of its shadow when the well at Syene was completely sunlit. Eratosthenes knew from geometry that the size of the measured angle equaled the size of the angle at the earth's center between Syene and Alexandria. Knowing also that the arc of an angle this size was 1/50 of a circle, and that the distance between Syene and Alexandria was 5000 stadia, he multiplied 5000 by 50 to find the earth's circumference. His result, 250,000 stadia (about 46,250 km) is quite close to modern Sellers [Page 39] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 measurements. Investigating the Earth, AGI, l970, Chapter 3, p. 66. The formula Eratosthenes used is: D A d=distance between Syene and Alexandria _____ = _____ A=360 degrees assumption of round earth a=shadow angle of vertical stick d a D=to be determined (circumference) ---------------------------------------------------------------- Are you interested in participating? All you need to do is place a vertical stick (shaft) into the ground at your school and when the sun reaches it's highest vertical assent for the day (solar noon), measure the angle of the shadow of the stick. -\ - \ stick -> - \ - a \ a=shadow angle - \ - \ ground___________________-______\_____________________________ By doing this experiment on the equinox we all know that the vertical rays of the sun are directly over the equator, like the well at Syene. Using a globe or an atlas the distance between your location and the equator can be determined and the circum- ference can be calculated. ***************************************************************** But how about sharing your shadow angle measurement with others around the real globe. ****************************************************************** Send your measurement of the shadow angle____________degrees Send your location city ____________________________________ Send your location country _________________________________ Send your latitude _________________________________________ Send your longitude ________________________________________ Sellers [Page 40] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 We will compile all the data and send you a copy to use in your classroom to compare the various locations and angles. If you're interested send us your data. We will compile and return it to you. ===================================== Example Six, "Famous Black Americans" ===================================== Project Name: Who Am I?: Famous Black Americans Subject Area: Social Studies, Research Skills Grade Level: Grades 4-12 Project Description: The goal of this project is to assist students in increasing their knowledge of American black history. Each week, on Monday Morning, a set of three or four clues will be sent to your account. The same will occur on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday mornings. At any time, through the end of the day on Friday, your students may send their answer (the name of the famous American identified by the clues) to the following online address: whoami@radford.vak12ed.edu A class should send only one answer each week. If two are sent, the sponsors will assume that the first of the answers is the one intended to be submitted. The sponsor will collect all answers, compile a listing of classes who send the correct answers, and will forward this list to all participants via email by early on the following Monday morning. On that morning, in addition, the sponsor will send all classes a new problem. This project lasts five weeks, with clues each week being given for a different famous person in American history. Sellers [Page 41] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 Project Length: Five Weeks Awards: Every Monday morning, participating classes will receive an online message from the sponsor congratulating those who have sent correct answers during the previous week. At the end of the five weeks, attractive certificates will be awarded to all participating classes (sent by way of the Postal Service). In addition, classes which have participated in each of the five weeks will receive a separate style of certificate for their school or class. Sellers [Page 42] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 APPENDIX B: HOW TO GET DOCUMENTS ELECTRONICALLY The traditional way to access files available online on the Internet is via a program based on the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Many information sites have hosts that allow "anonymous" FTP, meaning you don't need to already have an account on the host in order to access the files it makes public. This appendix will describe obtaining files via anonymous FTP and describe obtaining files via the Internet Gopher program. The online files sited in Suggested Reading can all be retrieved via anonymous FTP. (Most can also be retrieved via Gopher.) In most cases, when you see a reference to a file available for FTP, the reference will give you both a computer hostname and a pathname. So, for example, the ASCII text version of the EARN Resource Tool Guide is on the host naic.nasa.gov in the /files/general_info directory as earn-resource-tool-guide.txt. Many online files are mirrored on more than one host. RFC files, for example, are so popular that several hosts act as repositories for them; so, when they are cited, rarely is a hostname given. To find out all about getting RFCs and FYIs, send a message to rfc- info@isi.edu and in the body of the message, type 'help: ways_to_get_rfcs'. RFCs are available both via electronic mail and via Anonymous FTP, as well as via many Gophers. Anonymous FTP Some of this information about transferring files based on text from the access.guide file referenced in FYI 19 [5] and written by Ellen Hoffman and Lenore Jackson. If you are on a computer connected to the Internet and can use FTP, you can access files online. If your VM/CMS, VAX/VMS, UNIX, DOS, Macintosh, or other computer system has FTP capability, you can probably use the sample commands as they are listed. If your computer doesn't work using the sample commands, you may still have FTP access. You will need to ask your system administrator or local network consultant. If you don't have FTP, you may be able to get files via electronic mail. If you are using a UNIX machine, you can use FTP directly from a system prompt. For other computers, there are commercial and public domain programs that will allow you to use FTP. (For example, there is a very easy-to-use shareware program called "Fetch" for the Macintosh.) Sellers [Page 43] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 Once you establish that you have FTP access, you will need to send a series of commands to reach the host computer with the file you want, connect to the appropriate directory, and have the file transferred to your computer. A typical FTP session is described here, but not all software is exactly alike. If you have problems, check your software's documentation ('man' page) or contact your local help-desk. This session uses the EARN Guide to Network Resource Tools in its naic.nasa.gov home as an example file to be transferred. Here's what you can do: (1) Tell your computer what host you are trying to reach: ftp naic.nasa.gov (2) Log in to the computer with the username "anonymous". You will be prompted for a password; most often it is preferred that you use your complete email address as your password. (3) Navigate through the directory to find the file you need. Two useful commands for doing so are the one to change directories ('cd'), which you can use to step through more than one directory at a time: cd files/general_info and the command which shows you the files and subdirectories within a directory: dir (4) Give a command to have the file sent to your computer: get earn-resource-tools.txt (5) Quit FTP: quit RFC Repositories: Following is a list of hosts that are primary repositories for RFCs, and, for each host, the pathname to the directory that houses these files: - ds.internic.net rfc - nis.nsf.net internet/documents/rfc - nisc.jvnc.net rfc - venera.isi.edu in-notes Sellers [Page 44] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 - wuarchive.wustl.edu info/rfc - src.doc.ic.ac.uk rfc - ftp.concert.net /rfc RFCs are in the file format you see in the Suggested Readings section, e.g., rfc####.txt, with #### being the number of the RFC. To retrieve an RFC, then, you would FTP to a host above, log in as anonymous, cd to the directory noted, and retrieve the RFC you want. The file ways_to_get_rfcs, mentioned above, explains which sites make RFCs available for electronic mail retrieval, and provides directions for doing so. Remember that FYI documents, such as this one, are also RFCs, so the information about RFCs applies to FYIs as well. You can usually retrieve FYIs either by their RFC number, or by their FYI number. FYI numbers are in the format fyi##.txt, where ## is the number of the FYI. Gopher A relatively new method of viewing and retrieving information is the Internet Gopher. A Gopher server presents information to a users via a series of menus. By choosing menu items, the user is led to files or to other services available on the Internet. Gopher can also retrieve files for the user because it has an interface to the File Transfer Protocol. So you can use Gopher to obtain files rather than FTP. Once you have located a file you want, you also have the option of mailing it electronically. Several Gopher servers are listed in the Network Servers portion of Section 9 "Resources and Contacts". The InterNIC gopher, for example, is one that provides access to the RFCs. Normally, the best way to access a Gopher server is by running a Gopher client on your own host or network. However, if you do not have that software, many Gophers are accessible via Telnet (see the addresses in Section 9). To Telnet to a host, most often you would give the command "telnet" and the hostname, for example: telnet naic.nasa.gov. Unlike FTP repositories, which are accessible over the network but which you have to access one at a time, many Gophers are linked together over the Internet. Therefore, if you have access to one Gopher, you usually have access to hundreds more. This huge network of gophers and the vast amount of information they serve is referred to as "gopherspace". You can use a service within Gopher called "Veronica" to search gopherspace to see if there is more information out there of a particular type you are interested Sellers [Page 45] ^L RFC 1578 FYI Q/A - for Schools February 1994 in finding. From within Gopher, look for a menu item such as "Search Gopherspace Using Veronica" to find out more information about using the Veronica service.